Introduction

Anatomy of flowering plants is a crucial topic in NEET Biology. It deals with the internal structure of plants, especially tissues and vascular systems. Understanding plant anatomy helps in identifying monocots vs dicots, adaptation strategies, and transport of water, minerals, and food.

NEET questions often include plant tissue types, vascular bundle arrangement, and anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants.

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1. Plant Tissues

Definition:

• Plant tissues are groups of cells performing similar functions.

Types of Tissues:

a. Meristematic Tissues – Actively dividing cells

• Apical meristem → Growth in length (shoot apex, root tip)

• Lateral meristem → Growth in thickness (cambium)

• Intercalary meristem → Growth at internodes (Monocots, Grass)

b. Permanent Tissues – Differentiated cells

1. Simple Permanent Tissues:

   • Parenchyma: Storage, photosynthesis (Mango leaf pulp)

   • Collenchyma: Support in young stems (Celery)

   • Sclerenchyma: Mechanical support, thick lignified walls (Fibres, Stone cells)

2. Complex Permanent Tissues:

   • Xylem: Conducts water; includes tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, fibers

   • Phloem: Conducts food; includes sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, fibers

NEET Tips:

• Xylem → Water, Phloem → Food

• Remember functions of parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

2. Anatomy of Root

External Structure:

• Tip → Root cap

• Zones → Meristematic, Elongation, Maturation

Internal Structure:

• Epidermis → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Vascular tissue

Vascular Arrangement:

• Dicot root → Xylem in X-shape, Phloem in between

• Monocot root → Xylem and phloem in alternating patches around pith

NEET Formula / Notes:

• Dicot root → X-shaped xylem, No pith

• Monocot root → Xylem + phloem around central pith

• Endodermis contains Casparian strips (water regulation)

3. Anatomy of Stem

External Features:

• Nodes, internodes, leaves, and buds

Internal Structure:

• Epidermis → Cortex → Vascular bundles → Pith

Vascular Bundle Arrangement:

• Dicot stem → Ring of vascular bundles, xylem inside, phloem outside, cambium in between (open vascular bundles → secondary growth)

• Monocot stem → Scattered vascular bundles (closed → no secondary growth)

Special Features / NEET Notes:

• Lenticels → Gas exchange

• Secondary growth → Only in dicot stems (cambium activity)

4. Anatomy of Leaf

Internal Structure (Dorsiventral leaf – Dicot):

1. Upper epidermis → Cuticle

2. Palisade mesophyll → Photosynthesis

3. Spongy mesophyll → Gas exchange

4. Vascular bundles → Xylem + Phloem

Monocot Leaf:

• Isobilateral → Both surfaces similar

• Vascular bundles → Scattered, surrounded by bundle sheath

NEET Tips:

• Palisade → Photosynthesis, Spongy → Gas exchange

• Stomata → Abaxial epidermis in dicots, both surfaces in monocots

5. Vascular Bundle Formulas (NEET Shortcuts)

NEET Memory Tip:

• “Ring Dicot, Scattered Monocot” → Stem vascular bundles

6. Secondary Growth (Dicot Only)

Definition:

• Increase in thickness (girth) due to cambium activity

Process:

1. Vascular cambium → Secondary xylem (inside), Secondary phloem (outside)

2. Cork cambium → Forms protective bark

NEET Points:

• Monocots → No secondary growth

• Important for woody plants (Mango, Teak)

7. Special Structures for NEET

• Lenticels: Gas exchange in stems

• Trichomes: Hair-like structures for protection

• Stomata: Regulate transpiration and gas exchange

• Aerenchyma: Aeration in aquatic plants (Hydrophytes)

8. Important NEET Formulas / Tips – Anatomy of Flowering Plants

1. Dicot root: X-shaped xylem, phloem in between, no pith

2. Monocot root: Alternating xylem & phloem around central pith

3. Dicot stem: Ring of vascular bundles, cambium present → secondary growth

4. Monocot stem: Scattered vascular bundles → no secondary growth

5. Dicot leaf: Dorsiventral, palisade + spongy

6. Monocot leaf: Isobilateral, bundle sheath surrounding vascular bundles

7. Xylem → Water, Phloem → Food

8. Endodermis → Casparian strips (root water regulation)

9. NEET Exam Tips

• Draw diagrams of root, stem, leaf cross-sections.

• Focus on monocot vs dicot differences (high-yield).

• Memorize tissue types, vascular bundle arrangement, secondary growth features.

• Use tables and formulas for quick revision before exams.

Conclusion

Anatomy of flowering plants is a high-yield topic for NEET Biology. Understanding plant tissues, vascular systems, and monocot-dicot differences with formulas is essential for scoring MCQs and diagram questions.

With this StudentBro.in guide, students can efficiently revise anatomy, vascular arrangement, and tissue formulas, improving speed and accuracy in exams.

Remember: Linking structure, function, and tissue arrangement is the key to mastering Anatomy of Flowering Plants for NEET.