Introduction

Morphology of flowering plants is an important topic in NEET Biology. It deals with the external structure of plants, especially the vegetative and reproductive parts. Knowledge of plant morphology is essential to understand adaptations, reproduction, and classification.

The study includes root, stem, leaf, flower, inflorescence, fruit, and seed morphology. NEET often asks identification, types, and formulas associated with these structures.

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1. Root

Definition:

• The root is the usually underground, non-green part of a plant that anchors it and absorbs water and minerals.

Types of Roots:

1. Tap Root: Single main root with lateral branches.

   • Example: Carrot, Radish, Mango

2. Fibrous Root: Numerous roots arising from base of stem.

   • Example: Wheat, Grass

Special Roots (NEET Tips):

• Aerial roots: Support (Ficus), Respiration (Rhizophora)

• Adventitious roots: Arise from stem (Monstera)

• Storage roots: Store food (Sweet potato)

NEET Formula / Points:

• Tap root → Dicots, Fibrous root → Monocots

• Root hairs → Increase surface area for absorption

2. Stem

Definition:

• The stem is the ascending axis that bears leaves, flowers, and fruits and helps in transport of water and nutrients.

Types of Stems:

• Herbaceous: Soft, green (Sunflower)

• Woody: Hard and lignified (Mango)

• Climbing / Tendril-bearing: (Cucurbita)

• Modified stems: Rhizome (Ginger), Stolon (Strawberry), Bulb (Onion), Corm (Colocasia)

NEET Tips:

• Modified stems → Important for vegetative propagation

• Stem formula: Transport → Xylem (water) + Phloem (food)

3. Leaf

Definition:

• Leaves are lateral, green appendages of stem that perform photosynthesis.

Parts of Leaf:

1. Petiole: Stalk

2. Lamina / Blade: Expanded green part

3. Veins / Venation: Arrangement of vascular bundles

Types of Leaves:

• Simple: Single blade (Rose, Mango)

• Compound: Blade divided into leaflets

  • Pinnate: Leaflets on rachis (Neem)

  • Palmate: Leaflets arise from a single point (Silk cotton)

Leaf Formula (NEET):

• Leaf = Lamina + Petiole + Stipules (if present)

• Venation: Reticulate → Dicots, Parallel → Monocots

Special Leaves:

• Spines: Defense (Cactus)

• Tendrils: Climbing (Pea)

• Storage leaves: Onion, Aloe

4. Flower

Definition:

• Flower is the reproductive shoot of angiosperms that bears male and/or female organs.

Parts of Flower:

1. Calyx: Sepals

2. Corolla: Petals

3. Androecium: Stamens (Male)

4. Gynoecium / Carpel: Pistil (Female)

Flower Types (NEET Important):

• Complete flower: Has calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium (Hibiscus)

• Incomplete flower: Lacks one or more parts (Maize → male/female separate)

• Unisexual: Male or female only (Papaya)

• Bisexual / Hermaphrodite: Both male & female (Rose)

Symmetry:

• Actinomorphic: Radial symmetry (Hibiscus)

• Zygomorphic: Bilateral symmetry (Pea)

Inflorescence (NEET Tips):

• Racemose: Main axis continues growth (Mustard)

• Cymose: Main axis ends in flower (Calotropis)

5. Fruit

Definition:

• Fruit is the mature ovary containing seeds.

Types of Fruits:

1. Simple: From single ovary (Mango, Guava)

2. Aggregate: From many carpels of one flower (Strawberry, Raspberry)

3. Multiple: From inflorescence (Pineapple)

NEET Tips:

• Fruit = Ovary + Seed

• Seed dispersal mechanisms → Wind, Water, Animals (high-yield NEET topic)

6. Seed

Definition:

• Seed is a mature ovule containing an embryo.

Parts of Seed:

1. Seed coat (Testa + Tegmen)

2. Embryo: Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons

3. Endosperm: Food storage tissue

NEET Points:

• Monocot seed: One cotyledon (Maize)

• Dicot seed: Two cotyledons (Gram)

• Embryo formula: Radicle + Plumule + Cotyledons

7. Important NEET Formulas / Tips – Morphology of Flowering Plants

1. Roots: Tap → Dicots, Fibrous → Monocots

2. Leaves: Reticulate venation → Dicots, Parallel → Monocots

3. Flower Parts Formula: Flower = Calyx + Corolla + Androecium + Gynoecium

4. Inflorescence Formula: Racemose / Cymose

5. Fruit Formula: Fruit = Ovary + Seed

6. Seed Formula: Seed = Embryo + Endosperm + Seed coat

Mnemonic for Flower Parts:
“Cute Cats Always Groom” → Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium

8. NEET Exam Tips

• Draw diagrams for roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds for better retention.

• Memorize types of leaves, roots, flowers, inflorescence, and fruits with examples.

• Focus on monocot vs dicot differences – very high-yield for NEET MCQs.

• Learn special structures: Tendrils, Spines, Aerial roots, Storage organs.

Conclusion

Morphology of flowering plants is a high-scoring topic in NEET Biology. Understanding roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds with their formulas and examples is crucial.

With this StudentBro.in guide, students can efficiently revise plant morphology, formulas, and key NEET points, saving time and improving accuracy in exams.

Remember: Linking structure, function, and examples is the key to mastering Morphology of Flowering Plants for NEET.