Introduction

The Plant Kingdom is a crucial part of NEET Biology. It includes all multicellular, autotrophic, photosynthetic eukaryotes. Understanding the classification, characteristics, and examples of plants is essential for scoring in NEET.

Plants are classified based on vascular tissue, seed type, and reproductive methods. The NEET syllabus emphasizes Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

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1. Bryophytes (Non-Vascular Plants)

Characteristics:

• Lack xylem and phloem (non-vascular).

• Small and leafy gametophyte stage dominates.

• Dependent on water for fertilization.

• No true roots; have rhizoids.

Examples:

• Moss (Funaria)

• Liverwort (Marchantia)

• Hornwort (Anthoceros)

NEET Formulas / Notes:

• Bryophytes → Non-vascular + Gametophyte dominant

• Reproduction formula (simplified):

  • Gametophyte → Gametes → Zygote → Sporophyte → Spores → Gametophyte

2. Pteridophytes (Vascular Spore-Producing Plants)

Characteristics:

• Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem).

• Sporophyte is dominant.

• Reproduce via spores, no seeds.

• Require water for fertilization.

Examples:

• Ferns (Pteris)

• Horse-tail (Equisetum)

• Lycopodium (Club moss)

NEET Formulas / Notes:

• Pteridophytes → Vascular + Spore-producing + Sporophyte dominant

• Life cycle: Sporophyte → Spores → Gametophyte → Gametes → Zygote → Sporophyte

3. Gymnosperms (Seed-Producing, Naked Seeds)

Characteristics:

• Vascular, seed-producing plants.

• Seeds are exposed (naked seeds), not enclosed in fruit.

• Dominant sporophyte stage.

• Mostly woody plants with needle-like leaves.

Examples:

• Pine (Pinus)

• Cycas

• Ginkgo

NEET Formulas / Notes:

• Gymnosperms → Vascular + Seeds naked + Sporophyte dominant

• Reproduction formula:

  • Male cone → Pollen → Fertilization → Zygote → Seed → Sporophyte

4. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Characteristics:

• Vascular, seed-producing plants with flowers.

• Seeds are enclosed in fruit.

• Dominant sporophyte stage.

• Highly diverse; divided into Monocots and Dicots.

Sub-classification:

1. Monocots: One cotyledon, parallel venation, fibrous roots

   • Examples: Wheat, Rice, Maize

2. Dicots: Two cotyledons, reticulate venation, tap root

   • Examples: Sunflower, Mustard, Mango

NEET Formulas / Notes:

• Angiosperms → Vascular + Seeds enclosed + Flowering + Sporophyte dominant

• Life cycle: Flower → Pollination → Fertilization → Zygote → Seed → Sporophyte

5. Key Comparisons – Plant Kingdom for NEET

NEET Tips:

• Learn key differences in one table to save revision time.

• Focus on seed type and dominant stage as common NEET questions.

• Draw simple diagrams of each group for better retention.

6. Important NEET Points – Plant Kingdom

1. Bryophytes are poikilohydric (cannot control water loss).

2. Pteridophytes include ferns and their allies.

3. Gymnosperms are mostly evergreen and woody.

4. Angiosperms are largest and most diverse group.

5. Fertilization differences: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes → water; Gymnosperms → wind; Angiosperms → wind/insects.

Mnemonic for groups (Bryophytes → Angiosperms):
“Big Plants Grow Amazing” → Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

7. NEET Exam Tips – Plant Kingdom

• Focus on classification, examples, reproductive structures, and dominant stages.

• Understand differences between monocots and dicots.

• Practice life cycle diagrams for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Angiosperms.

• Remember seed type, vascular tissue, and pollination methods for quick MCQs.

Conclusion

Plant Kingdom is a high-yield topic for NEET Biology. Memorizing classification, formulas for reproduction, and examples can significantly improve exam scores.

With this StudentBro.in guide, students can efficiently revise plant groups, characteristics, and key NEET points, making preparation faster and more effective.

Remember: Linking structure, reproduction, and adaptations makes NEET Biology preparation simpler and more effective.