Introduction

Human reproduction is a complex biological process that ensures continuity of the species. NEET often tests reproductive organs, gametogenesis, fertilization, pregnancy, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Understanding these topics is crucial for scoring well in NEET Biology.

Human reproduction involves specialized organs, hormones, and cells, leading to the formation of a zygote, embryo, and ultimately a baby.

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1. Male Reproductive System

Structure:

1. Testes → Produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and testosterone

2. Epididymis → Stores and matures sperm

3. Vas deferens → Transports sperm

4. Accessory glands:

   • Seminal vesicles → Secretes fructose-rich fluid

   • Prostate → Secretes alkaline fluid for sperm motility

   • Bulbourethral glands → Lubrication

5. Penis → Copulatory organ

NEET Tip:

• Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules (~64 days)

• Hormones: FSH → Sertoli cells, LH → Leydig cells → Testosterone

Male Reproduction Formula (Simplified NEET View):
Spermatogonium (2n) → Mitosis → Primary spermatocyte (2n) → Meiosis I → Secondary spermatocyte (n) → Meiosis II → Spermatids (n) → Spermatozoa (n)

2. Female Reproductive System

Structure:

1. Ovaries → Produce ova and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

2. Fallopian tubes / Oviducts → Site of fertilization

3. Uterus → Supports embryo development

4. Cervix → Narrow opening of uterus

5. Vagina → Copulatory organ

Oogenesis (NEET Formula):
Oogonium (2n) → Mitosis → Primary oocyte (2n) → Meiosis I → Secondary oocyte (n) + 1st polar body → Meiosis II (after fertilization) → Ovum (n) + 2nd polar body

NEET Tip:

• Females are born with all primary oocytes arrested in prophase I

• Meiosis completes after fertilization

3. Menstrual Cycle

• Average cycle: 28 days

• Regulated by hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis

• Phases:

a. Follicular Phase (1–13 days):

• FSH → Follicle development

• Estrogen → Endometrial proliferation

b. Ovulatory Phase (Day 14):

• LH surge → Ovulation (release of secondary oocyte)

c. Luteal Phase (15–28 days):

• Corpus luteum → Progesterone → Endometrium maintenance

• If fertilization absent → Corpus luteum degenerates → Menstruation

NEET Tip:

• Estrogen → Proliferative phase, Progesterone → Secretory phase

4. Fertilization

Definition:

• Fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) to form zygote

Steps:

1. Sperm capacitation → Acrosome reaction → Zona pellucida penetration

2. Sperm + Ovum → Zygote (2n)

3. Polyspermy prevented by cortical reaction

NEET Formula:
Sperm (n) + Ovum (n) → Zygote (2n)

Site: Ampulla of fallopian tube

5. Early Embryo Development

Stages:

1. Zygote → 1-cell stage

2. Cleavage → 2, 4, 8 cells → Morula (16–32 cells)

3. Blastocyst formation:

   • Trophoblast → Placenta

   • Inner cell mass → Embryo

4. Implantation: Blastocyst embeds in endometrium (~6–7 days after fertilization)

NEET Tip:

• Trophoblast secretes hCG → Maintains corpus luteum → Progesterone → Pregnancy

6. Pregnancy and Placenta

• Gestation period: ~280 days (40 weeks)

• Placenta functions:

  1. Nutrient and gas exchange

  2. Hormone production (hCG, progesterone, estrogen)

  3. Waste removal

NEET Tip:

• Placenta → Fetal-maternal interface, endocrine organ

7. Parturition (Childbirth) and Lactation

Parturition:

• Triggered by oxytocin and prostaglandins → Uterine contraction → Delivery

Lactation:

• Prolactin → Milk synthesis

• Oxytocin → Milk ejection reflex

NEET Tip:

• Breastfeeding → Negative feedback on FSH/LH → Delays ovulation

8. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)

1. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Egg fertilized outside → Embryo implanted

2. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT): Egg + sperm → Fallopian tube

3. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT): Fertilized zygote → Fallopian tube

4. Surrogacy: Implant embryo in another female

NEET Tip:

• ARTs help in infertility treatment

9. NEET Important Formulas / Memory Aids

1. Spermatogenesis: 2n → n → spermatozoa

2. Oogenesis: 2n → n → ovum + polar bodies

3. Fertilization: Sperm (n) + Ovum (n) → Zygote (2n)

4. hCG → Maintains corpus luteum → Progesterone

5. Blastocyst → Trophoblast + Inner cell mass

Mnemonic for Hormones in Reproduction:
“FSH & LH drive gametes, Estrogen builds lining, Progesterone maintains, Oxytocin delivers, Prolactin nourishes”

10. NEET Exam Tips

• Draw diagrams: Male and female reproductive systems, fertilization, embryo development, placenta

• Remember stages of gametogenesis, hormone functions, menstrual cycle phases

• Use formulas for ploidy and chromosome number MCQs

• Focus on ARTs and pregnancy hormones

Conclusion

Human Reproduction is a high-yield topic in NEET Biology. Mastery of reproductive systems, gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development, pregnancy, and ARTs is essential for scoring in MCQs and diagram-based questions.

With this StudentBro.in guide, students can efficiently revise human reproduction formulas, stages, and hormone regulations, enhancing speed and accuracy during NEET exams.

Remember: Linking gamete → fertilization → zygote → embryo → placenta → baby is the key to mastering Human Reproduction for NEET.