Introduction

The p-block elements are located in the last six groups (Groups 13–18) of the periodic table. These elements have their valence electrons in the p-orbital, which defines their chemical reactivity, bonding, and properties. Understanding p-Block Elements is essential for NEET, as questions frequently test formulas, trends, and reactions.

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1. Group 13 Elements (Boron Family) – H4 Bold

General Formula: E³⁺ (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)

Key Elements: Boron (B), Aluminium (Al)

Properties:

• Oxidation states: +3 (common), +1 for Thallium

• Metals (Al, Ga, In, Tl); Boron is a metalloid

• Form oxides and halides

• Act as Lewis acids

Important Formulas:

• Boric acid: H₃BO₃

• Aluminium chloride: AlCl₃

• Boron trifluoride: BF₃

Reactions:

• Boric acid + water → H₃O⁺

• Al + HCl → AlCl₃ + H₂

2. Group 14 Elements (Carbon Family) – H4 Bold

General Formula: E⁴⁺ (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)

Key Elements: Carbon (C), Silicon (Si)

Properties:

• Oxidation states: +2, +4

• Carbon: non-metal; Si, Ge: metalloids; Sn, Pb: metals

• Form oxides: CO₂, SiO₂, SnO₂

Important Formulas:

• Carbon dioxide: CO₂

• Carbon monoxide: CO

• Silicon tetrachloride: SiCl₄

Reactions:

• C + O₂ → CO₂ / CO

• Si + Cl₂ → SiCl₄

3. Group 15 Elements (Nitrogen Family) – H4 Bold

General Formula: E³⁻ (E = N, P, As, Sb, Bi)

Key Elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)

Properties:

• Oxidation states: -3, +3, +5

• Nitrogen: diatomic gas N₂

• Phosphorus: P₄ (white/red), stable in tetrahedral form

Important Formulas:

• Ammonia: NH₃

• Nitric acid: HNO₃

• Phosphorus pentachloride: PCl₅

Reactions:

• N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ (Haber process)

• P₄ + 5O₂ → P₄O₁₀

4. Group 16 Elements (Oxygen Family) – H4 Bold

General Formula: E²⁻ (E = O, S, Se, Te, Po)

Key Elements: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S)

Properties:

• Oxidation states: -2, +2, +4, +6

• Oxygen: highly electronegative

• Sulfur forms S₈ rings, oxides, and acids

Important Formulas:

• Water: H₂O

• Sulfur dioxide: SO₂

• Sulfuric acid: H₂SO₄

Reactions:

• 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

• S + O₂ → SO₂ → H₂SO₄

5. Group 17 Elements (Halogens) – H4 Bold

General Formula: X⁻ (X = F, Cl, Br, I, At)

Properties:

• Highly electronegative and reactive

• Exist as diatomic molecules (Cl₂, Br₂)

• Form acids with hydrogen: HF, HCl, HBr

Important Formulas:

• Hydrogen chloride: HCl

• Sodium chloride: NaCl

• Chlorine trifluoride: ClF₃

Reactions:

• Halogen displacement reactions: Cl₂ + 2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br₂

• React with metals to form halides: 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl

6. Group 18 Elements (Noble Gases) – H4 Bold

General Formula: Monoatomic gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Properties:

• Inert due to full valence shell

• Monoatomic and colourless gases

• Very low chemical reactivity

Uses:

• Helium: balloons and deep-sea diving

• Neon: lighting

• Argon: welding and inert atmosphere

Key Trends in p-Block Elements – H4 Bold

1. Atomic size: Increases down a group, decreases across a period.

2. Electronegativity: Decreases down a group, increases across a period.

3. Oxidation states: Vary within the group, multiple states common in heavier elements.

4. Acid-base behavior: Oxides of lighter p-block elements are more acidic; heavier ones are basic.

NEET Preparation Tips for p-Block Elements – H4 Bold

• Memorize key formulas: oxides, acids, halides.

• Understand oxidation states for reactions.

• Focus on group trends (atomic size, electronegativity, reactivity).

• Solve previous NEET questions for speed and accuracy.

• Use tables and charts to summarize elements, formulas, and reactions.

Conclusion

A strong understanding of p-Block Elements is crucial for NEET Chemistry. By learning formulas, properties, reactions, and periodic trends, students can excel in NEET exams. This guide provides a comprehensive, quick-reference resource for preparation and revision on studentbro.in.