Human Development Class 10 GSEB Solutions Social Science Chapter 19

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science Human Development Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in detail:
Question 1. How is Human Development Index calculated?
Answer:
Human Development Index (HDI) is calculated on the basis of three dimensions that is:

1. Life expectancy index (LEI) or Average age
2. Education index (El) 
3. Income index (II) or Lifestyle

Before 2010, HDI had been calculated on the basis of average age (health), knowledge and living standard (per capital income).

Question 2. Describe the challenges the human development.
Answer:
India has a long way to go and still a lot of work needs to be done to fulfil the parameters of health, education and women empowerment.

The challenges to progress in human development are as follows:
(i) Health: The impediments in the fulfilment of the parameters in the area of health are population growth, widespread common and contagious diseases, malnutrition, physically disabled handicapped and mental disorder. Environmental pollution and crowded habitat created by increasing urbanization are health-related obstacles.

(ii) Sex ratio: The ratio of the female population to the male population is unfavourable. As per the Census of 2011. Female population was 48.46% to 51.54% male population. The sex ratio was most unsatisfactory in the states like Punjab and Haryana. The proportion of female illiteracy is larger, their per capita income is lower, fewer women have employment opportunities. Gender-based discrimination and inequality in economic, political, social-cultural and religious fields poses a huge challenge to human development in India.

(iii) Women empowerment: Women are victims of unhealthy social traditions and gender-based discrimination. Women are ‘powerless’ in comparison to men. Women lack financial independence and this dependence – makes them “helpless’. A number of steps have been taken in the direction of women empowerment, such as 50% reservation of seats in local self-government and encouragement to the formation of the Self-Help Groups of women. However, more efforts are necessary to empower women.

Question 3. In what ways are the women discriminated in India?
Answer:
Gender-based discrimination, also described as discrimination against women is a major challenge to human development in India.

Discrimination against women is found in many social customs and traditions like child marriage, female infanticide, uneven marriage, ill-treatment of women in the form of tonsure after the death of husband, down, the practice of Sati. and polygamy prevailed in India. The ‘Purdah’ and ‘Burkha’ (veil) systems were blatant disrespect towards women. A male child was always a preference of the Indian families.

Discrimination was made between male child and female child in their upbringing. Until the end of the 19th century, women were denied education. Even after independence, the percentage of women literacy is less. The dowry system has flourished and taken inhuman form of physical and mental torture and ultimately bride burning and/or suicide committee by women.

According to 2011 Census, the male-female ratio of population is uneven. The male population is 51.54% as against 48.46% female population. In some states the ratio of remale population to male population is 1000:800 less. The most starting are the finding of the Human Development Report of 2015.

In other words, women suffer discrimination in every area even today.

Question 4. Describe the work done in the field of health improvement.
Answer:
Health is an important and valuable asset. Developing countries like India face the challenges of rapid population growth, contagious and common diseases, malnutrition and physical/mental disabilities. However, India has done a lot of work in the or post-1947 period in the field of health improvement.

(i) Child Health: Infant mortality rate has been considerably reduced by undertaking Universal Immunization Programme. Vaccination for various diseases is provided at childbirth and during early infancy. These include OPV for Polio; BCG for Tuberculosis; DPT for Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus; MMR for Measles, Mumps and Rubella; Vaccination for Hepatitis-B; and Typhoid. With the decline in infant mortality rate, a marked improvement in child health has been noted.

(ii) Control over population growth: Family Welfare Programme (Earlier Family Planning Programme) has enabled India to reduce birth rate to 1.9%p.a.

(iii) Pollution control: Steps have been taken to control environmental pollution by enacting laws relating to water and air pollution.

(iv) Nutrition: To overcome the programme of malnutrition, mid-day nutritious meal programme for school-going children has been started.

(v) Health services: A network of primary health centres, cottage hospitals and civil hospitals in the rural and urban areas have been set up. They provide health services either free or at a nominal fee.

Question 5. Which schemes have been started by the Government of Gujarat to ensure equality to women? Explain
Answer:
The Government of Gujarat has started the following schemes to elevate the status of women (to ensure equality to women) and for empowerment of women:
(i) Education Realising the role of education in raising the status of women, the following schemes have been implemented: School entrance ceremony and chariot festival to encourage girl’s education. Vidyalaxmi bond to women living below poverty line in the urban areas and villages having less than 35% literacy.

Saraswati Sadhana Yojana to provide free bicycles to 1.5 lakh girls per annum and free ST Bus pass to girls who are required to go outside their village for education. Sabla Yojana provides nutritious food and skill training to adolescent girls.

(ii) Employment: Gujarat government has reserved 33% jobs in the government services for women.
Mission Mangalam Yojana provides financial help to Sakhi Mandal (self¬help groups) of women to make them self-reliant.

(iii) Political empowerment: Gujarat government has raised the quantum of reserved seats for women in the local self-government from 33% to 50%.

(iv) Women’s Welfare: Pension is provided to destitute, widows and labourers under the Rashtriya Swavlamban Yojana.

• Beti Bachao Abhiyan has been started with the slogan Beti Bachao, Beti Vadhao and Beti Padhao.
• E-Mamta Programme provides financial help and health services to the pregnant women.
• Chiranjeevi Yojana provides medical services free of cost to pregnant women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
• Department of Women and Child Welfare as started in 2001 to implement schemes related to welfare of women and children.

II. Answer the following questions pointwise.
Question 1.Human development is related with which things of human life?
Answer:
Human development covers all areas of human life. The significant among these are: Peaceful and prosperous life. Opportunity to live a successful and creative life as per one’s abilities, wisdom and interest. Long, healthy and qualitative life. Knowledge acquired through education. Opportunity to earn livelihood. Equal Opportunities to avail natural resources and live a qualitative life. Personal and social security. Opportunity to exercise human rights.

Question 2. Explain women welfare schemes of the Indian Government chronologically.
Answer:
Many government schemes for the welfare of women have been implemented since 1980. These include:
Establishment of National Commission for Women in the year 1992. Setting up a separate Department of Women and Child Welfare in 1985. 92nd and 93rd Constitutional Amendments (wrongly given as 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in the textbook) in 1992 to provide 33% reservation of seats for women in the local self-government. Enactment of National Policy on Empowerment of Women in 2001.

Undertaking programmes of capacity building, employment, income generation, welfare and supportive services, gender equality and sanitation for women. Celebration of the year 2002 as Women Empowerment Year. Enacting laws to provide equal share in the family property to women.

Establishment of family courts and women welfare centres. Enacting Domestic Violence Act in 2005 to protect women from physical violence and mental torture. Making law related to prevention of dowry more stringent. Raising minimum marriageable age for women to 18 years.

Question 3. What is ‘Abhayam Yojana’? Explain.
Answer:
T81 Abhayam Yojana’ is a helpline to provide help to women in distress and those who are suffering from various types of violence. It is meant to provide them security as well guidance about development schemes for women.

Question 4. Human Development Index is affected by which things around us?
Answer:
A lot of unhealthy things around us have adverse effect on the Human Development Index. These are:

1. Pregnant women suffering from malnutrition,
2. Birth of underweight children,
3. Children suffering from malnutrition,
4. Starvation death and suicide of farmers,
5. Children not going to Aanganwadi.
6. School going children lacking capability to read and write,
7. Children ‘dropping out’ from school to work as child labour,
8. Parents refusing opportunities of higher education to their daughters,
9. Educated and uneducated unemployed young people,
10. Untimely death due to accidents,
11. Person suffering from chronic ailments.

III. Answer the following questions briefly.
Question 1. What is Human Development?
Answer:
Human Development: The shift in emphasis from economic development to human welfare finds expression in the term ‘Human Development’. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Human Development is a process of extending human aspirations and essential subsistence services.” Human development is not merely an increase in per capita income, but also utilization of that income. It provides opportunity to live a creative life according to one’s skills, intelligence, capabilities and taste.

Question 2. Which new techniques are used, to measure the Human Development Index?
Answer:
Since 2010, the UNDP has revised its earlier indicators to measure the human development in the following three areas:

1. Life expectancy Index
2. Education Index
3. Income Index

Question 3. What was India’s rank and score in the Human Development Report of 2015?
Answer:
In the Human Development Report of 2015, the rank of India was 130 and the score was 0.609.

Question 4. Which neighbouring countries are ahead of India in the Human Development Index?
Answer:
In the Human Development Report, 2015 the neighbouring countries China, Sri Lanka and Maldives Eire ahead of India.

Question 5. Which vaccines are given children under Child Vaccination Programme?
Answer:
Under the Universal (Child) vaccination or immunization programme in India, the following vaccines are administered to the children:

1. OPV for Polio
2. BCG for tuberculosis
3. DPT for Diphtheria Pertussis and Tetanus
4. MMR for Measles, Mumps, Rubella
5. Vaccination for Hepatitis-B and Typhoid.

IV. Answer the following questions by choosing correct alternative:
Question 1. Which international organization is working for human development.
(A) Unesco
(B) Unicef
(C) Fao
(D) Undp
Answer:
(D) Undp

Question 2. Which of the following countries has highest Human Development Index?
(A) India
(B) Niger
(C) Norway
(D) C
Answer:
(C) Norway

Question 3. Among the countries given below, which pair is correct in decreasing order of Human Development Index?
(A) India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan
(B) Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Nepal
(C) Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan, Nepal
(D) Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan
Answer:
(C) Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan, Nepal

Question 4. Which year was celebrated as the Women Empowerment Year in India?
(A) 1975
(B) 2002
(C) 1985
(D) 1999
Answer:
(D) 1999

Question 5. Which economist of Indian origin got the Noble Prize?
(A) Mahboob-Ul-Huq
(B) Amartya Sen
(C) Rabindranath Tagore
(D) C.V. Raman
Answer:
(B) Amartya Sen