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Structural organisation in animals refers to the hierarchical arrangement of cells into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organ systems, forming a complete organism. Understanding this organisation is crucial for NEET aspirants as it forms the foundation of animal physiology and functional biology. Animals show a wide range of structural complexity, from unicellular organisms to highly complex multicellular beings.
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The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. In animals, cells are specialized to perform specific functions. There are several types of animal cells such as epithelial cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, each with a distinct structure and role. The study of cell structure and functions is essential to understand higher levels of organisation.
Tissues are groups of cells having similar structure and function. In animals, tissues are classified into four main types:
1. Epithelial Tissue:
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines internal cavities, and forms glands. It provides protection, absorption, and secretion. Types include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated epithelium.
2. Connective Tissue:
Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues. It includes bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, and lymph. Each type has specific functions such as support, transport of nutrients, and energy storage.
3. Muscular Tissue:
Muscular tissue is responsible for movement. There are three types: skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart contraction), and smooth muscles (involuntary movement in organs).
4. Nervous Tissue:
Nervous tissue controls and coordinates body activities. It consists of neurons that transmit electrical impulses between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body.
An organ is a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ made up of cardiac muscles, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue, all functioning together to pump blood. Similarly, the stomach, lungs, kidneys, and liver are organs that perform specialized functions essential for survival.
Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions. In animals, major organ systems include:
1. Digestive System:
Responsible for digestion and absorption of food. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
2. Circulatory System:
Transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body. The heart, blood, and blood vessels constitute this system.
3. Respiratory System:
Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It consists of lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.
4. Excretory System:
Removes metabolic wastes and maintains water and electrolyte balance. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the main organs.
5. Nervous System:
Controls body activities through electrical signals. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
6. Endocrine System:
Regulates physiological processes through hormones. Glands like thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary are part of this system.
7. Reproductive System:
Ensures species continuity through the production of gametes. Male and female reproductive organs are structured differently but function collaboratively.
8. Musculoskeletal System:
Provides support and enables movement. Bones, cartilage, and muscles form this system.
The structural organisation in animals ensures efficiency, specialization, and coordination. Cells specialize to perform specific functions, tissues provide structural and functional support, organs perform complex tasks, and organ systems integrate all activities. For NEET, a clear understanding of this hierarchy is vital for answering questions on anatomy, physiology, and comparative biology.
| Level | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Cell | Basic unit of life | Muscle cell, Nerve cell |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells | Epithelial, Muscular |
| Organ | Group of tissues | Heart, Liver |
| Organ System | Group of organs | Digestive, Circulatory |
Focus on diagrams of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Memorize the functions of different tissues.
Understand organ-system integration rather than rote learning.
Practice previous NEET questions on structural organisation.
Structural organisation in animals forms the foundation of NEET Biology. From cells to organ systems, every level plays a crucial role in maintaining life processes. Comprehensive study of tissues, organs, and systems will help students score better in both Class 11 exams and NEET. For detailed and concise NEET Biology notes, StudentBro.in provides organized and student-friendly resources.
